Hiroaki Sato¹, Michiaki Yamakage², Katsumi Okuyama¹, Yusuke Imai¹, Hironobu Iwashita¹, Taishi Masamune¹, Tadahiko Ishimaya¹ and Takashi Matsukawa¹

¹Department of Anesthesiology, University of Yamanashi, Faculty of Medicine, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan. ²Department of Anesthesiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.

Abstract

Nasopharyngeal temperature is allegedly accurate and is generally used during cardiopulmonary bypass for open-heart surgery. However, adequate depth from the anterior nares to measure nasopharyngeal temperature has not been evaluated. To test whether nasopharyngeal temperature is sufficiently accurate and precise for clinical use and to clarify the suitable depth of insertion, we compared nasopharyngeal temperature measurements to simultaneous tympanic temperature measurements during open-heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Subjects comprised 4 women and 6 men undergoing cardiac surgery with a target core temperature of 32 °C. Nasopharyngeal temperature was measured at 4 sites by placing thermocouples in the nasal cavity in 1-cm increments starting at 2 cm from the anterior nares. The reference temperature (tympanic temperature) was measured at the right tympanic membrane using a thermocouple. Both temperatures were measured every 5 min and compared using correlation coefficients of linear regression (r2) and bias (mean difference between the two methods). Compared to tympanic temperature, nasopharyngeal temperature showed regression slopes of 0.91–1.03 and correlation coefficients of 0.55–0.65 at all 4 depths. Accuracy (offset or bias) was 0.9–2.1 °C compared to tympanic temperature. Precision (standard deviation) of measurements was 0.8–1.2 °C. Nasopharyngeal temperature collected at 2 cm varied the most from tympanic temperature. In conclusion, the reliability of T Naso is low for monitoring core body temperature during open-heart surgery with CPB, particularly if the probe is placed at a shallow depth from the anterior nares. Nasopharyngeal temperature obtained closest to the anterior nares (2 cm) were the least accurate.